Here are the facts and hints for you to solve the 6 latest questions:
(1) Lightning is the electrical discharge in a thunderstorm. It results in both a visible flash and the heating of air, causing a sonic boom commonly referred to as thunder. The speed of light is so fast that one may consider seeing the flash as instantaneous with the lightning. The speed of sound is slower, about 340 meters per second, or 1100 feet per second, so counting the seconds from the lightning flash to the lightning bang (thunder) gives the distance to the thunderstorm, based on 3 seconds per kilometer, or 5 seconds per mile.
(2) Rotating atmospheric storm systems, called cyclones in general, have centers of lower pressure about which the air swirls. In the tropics, these are tropical cyclones. At middle latitudes, they are extra-tropical cyclones and are associated with fronts – boundaries of changing temperatures. Cyclones, tropical cyclones and extra-tropical cyclones are all three-dimensional flows of air with stronger horizontal winds but also upward motions that result in their cloud patterns.
(3) Storms in the tropical regions do not have fronts and temperature changes. Instead they are organized thunderstorm masses about a center of lower air pressure. As these thunderstorm systems develop, they grow and are categorized by their associated wind speeds. When maximum sustained winds reach 37 km/h, the system is termed a tropical depression. Sustained winds of 63 km/h denote a tropical storm. A storm with maximum sustained winds reaching 119 km/h, by definition, is a hurricane (referred to as a typhoon in the western Pacific Ocean, or cyclone in the Indian Ocean and southern Pacific Ocean). Wind pressure is the force per unit area caused by air in motion. During a storm the factor by which the wind pressure increases is equal to the square of the factor by which the wind speed increases.
(4) The atmosphere can be arbitrarily divided into layers based on the vertical temperature pattern. The lowest layer is called the troposphere, where the temperature generally decreases with altitude from Earth’s surface up to about 11 km.
(5) Earth’s atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. These gases do not react with most radiation, thus transmitting almost 100%. Some gases transmit some types of radiation, such as visible light, but absorb other portions, particularly infrared radiation. Gases that absorb infrared (heat) radiation from Earth outward to space, of which the atmosphere in turn can emit part back down to the surface, help warm the planet. This is called the greenhouse effect. Such gases are called greenhouse gases or GHG. The major GHG (although minor components of the atmosphere) are water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO2 ), as well as methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons and others. Rising concentrations of CO2 pose a problem in an enhanced greenhouse effect.
(6) All objects including the Sun and Earth emit radiation. Depending on their temperature, the radiation has varying characteristics and differing names. Earth emits mainly infrared radiation (heat) outward to space. The Sun emits mostly visible light into space but also some ultraviolet and infrared, a small portion of which strikes Earth. Radiation that goes to Earth and encounters matter may be absorbed to become heat, may be reflected or scattered away, or may be transmitted to the Earth's surface without change.